On the same day, across the Aegean Sea an Allied navy destroyed the remnants of the Persian navy at the Battle of Mycale. 528-462 BCE) 1. The second invasion of Greece under Xerxes fostered more unity between the city-states but this coalition centered on Athens and Sparta and failed to attract many other poleis. Οι δυνάμεις των Ελλήνων και των Περσών (The forces of the Greeks and the Persians). In particular, the Athenians, who were not protected by the isthmus, but whose fleet were the key to the security of the Peloponnesus, felt hard done by. In the final reckoning, both sides were prepared to stake everything on a naval battle, in the hope of decisively altering the course of the war. The invasion began in spring 480 BC, when the Persian army crossed the Hellespont and marched through Thrace and Macedon to Thessaly. STUDY. The term "Asian" is Herodotus' but under that term he also includes Arabians and north Africans. [190] At Thermopylae, until the path outflanking the Allied position was revealed, the Persians signally failed to adjust their tactics to the situation, although the position was well chosen to limit the Persian options. [136] There, the large Persian numbers were an active hindrance, as ships struggled to manoeuvre and became disorganised. They demanded an Allied army march north the following year. [149] When the other Allies failed to commit to this, the Athenian fleet probably refused to join the Allied navy in the spring. This humiliation led to the attempt to conquer Greece in 480-479 BC. [104], The majority of other city-states remained more-or-less neutral, awaiting the outcome of the confrontation. [2][3] Nevertheless, whatever the real numbers were, it is clear that Xerxes was eager to ensure a successful expedition by mustering overwhelming numerical superiority by land and by sea,[2] and also that much of the army died of starvation and disease, never returning to Asia. [100] Support thus began to coalesce around these two states. Nevertheless, this was remarkable for the disjointed Greek world, especially since many of the city-states in attendance were still technically at war with each other. [135] Thermopylae had shown that a frontal assault against a well defended Greek position had little chance of success;[136] with the Allies now dug in across the isthmus, there was therefore little chance of the Persians conquering the rest of Greece by land. With this double defeat, the invasion was ended, and Persian power in the Aegean severely dented. The first Persian invasion of Greece, during the Persian Wars, began in 492 BC, and ended with the decisive Athenian victory at the Battle of Marathon in 490 BC. [160][164], On the afternoon of the Battle of Plataea, Herodotus tells us that rumour of the Allied victory reached the Allied navy, at that time off the coast of Mount Mycale in Ionia. "[68] Grote's main objection is the supply problem, though he does not analyse the problem in detail. This dual strategy was adopted by the congress. You have just received word that King Xerxes I of Persia is following in his father’s footsteps and has decided to launch a second invasion of Greece. [9] However, since the 19th century his reputation has been dramatically rehabilitated by archaeological finds that have repeatedly confirmed his version of events. [181], In the two major land battles of the invasion, the Allies clearly adjusted their tactics to nullify the Persian advantage in numbers and cavalry, by occupying the pass at Thermopylae, and by staying on high ground at Plataea. [184][191] At Plataea, the harassing of the Allied positions by cavalry was a successful tactic, forcing the precipitous (and nearly disastrous) retreat; however, Mardonius then brought about a general melee between the infantry, which resulted in the Persian defeat. [209][210] This essentially reduced the conflict to a naval one. It is also a historical record of the most important battle of the second Persian invasion of Greece (and one of the most crucial conflicts in human history), the Battle of Salamis, in which the play’s author, Aeschylus, took part. [131] The small number of Athenians who had barricaded themselves on the Acropolis were eventually defeated, and Xerxes then ordered Athens to be torched. Aeschylus, who fought at Salamis, also claims that he faced 1,207 warships there, of which 1,000 were triremes and 207 fast ships. Key terms and places. [192] The cities in any territory that the army passed through would be forced to submit or risk destruction; and indeed this happened with the Thessalian, Locrian and Phocian cities who initially resisted the Persians but then were forced to submit as the Persians advanced. [19], In 491 BC, Darius sent emissaries to all the Greek city-states, asking for a gift of 'earth and water' in token of their submission to him. At the ensuing Battle of Marathon, the Athenians won a remarkable victory, which resulted in the withdrawal of the Persian army to Asia. Second Persian invasion of Greece has been listed as one of the Warfare good articles under the good article criteria.If you can improve it further, please do so. But this second invasion is the stuff of legend, and once again, the historical accounts come to us primarily from Herodotus, who was Greek, and who was not a direct observer of this. [103] Little is known about the internal workings of the congress or the discussions during its meetings. She plays a prominent role in Aeschylus' The Persians. A powerful and pro-Persia family in Thessaly. [192] Mardonius may have been overeager for victory; there was no need to attack the Allies, and by doing so he played to the main Allied tactical strength, combat in the melee. The Persians first attempt at invading Greece had been defeated at the Bay of Marathon. The Persian Invasion Of Greece 3806 Words | 16 Pages. Darius the great, the Persian king vowed to revenge against Athens. In 490 BC a second force was sent to Greece, this time across the Aegean Sea, under the command of Datis and Artaphernes. King Xerxes had brought his … Having crossed into Europe in April 480 BC, the Persian army began its march to Greece. This could easily be blocked by the Allies, despite the overwhelming number of Persians. "Thoughts on the Reliability of Classical Writers, with Especial Reference to the Size of the Army of Xerxes". [12] The Greco-Persian wars are also described in less detail by a number of other ancient historians including Plutarch, Ctesias, and are alluded by other authors, such as the playwright Aeschylus. [109] The Persian army took roughly three months to travel unopposed from the Hellespont to Therme, a journey of about 600 km (360 mi). Episode 21: 300 Against the Sources. By the time of the Second Invasion King … However, a larger Allied army fortified the narrow Isthmus of Corinth, protecting the Peloponnesus from Persian conquest. Thereupon the Spartans sent these men to Media for execution." [166] The ships were abandoned to the Allies, who burnt them, crippling Xerxes' sea power, and marking the ascendancy of the Allied fleet. Peace with Persia came in 449 BC with the Peace of Callias, finally ending the half-century of warfare. This is one of the most significant events in all of classical history. Both sides thus sought a naval victory that might decisively alter the course of the war. Although this led to the subjugation of Cyclades. Atossa. [194] Themistocles now proposed what was in hindsight the strategic masterstroke in the Allied campaign; to lure the Persian fleet to battle in the straits of Salamis. The cold, lack of food and water and guerrilla actions Scythians, forced Darius to retreat back to Asia. [133], The Persians had now captured most of Greece, but Xerxes had perhaps not expected such defiance from the Greeks; his priority was now to complete the war as quickly as possible;[134] the huge invasion force could not be supplied indefinitely, and probably Xerxes did not wish to be at the fringe of his empire for so long. The second Persian invasion of Greece (480–479 BC) occurred during the Greco-Persian Wars, as King Xerxes I of Persia sought to conquer all of Greece. The Allied victory at Salamis prevented a quick conclusion to the invasion, and fearing becoming trapped in Europe, Xerxes retreated to Asia leaving his general Mardonius to finish the conquest with the elite of the army. The allies had no 'standing army', nor was there any requirement to form one; since they were fighting on home territory, they could muster armies as and when required. [170] The Persians in the region, and their allies made for Sestos, the strongest town in the region, which the Athenians then laid siege to; after a protracted siege, it fell to the Athenians. "Περσικό Πεζικό: Η δύναμη που κατέκτησε τη νοτιοδυτική Ασία" (Persian Infantry: The force that conquered southwest Asia), This page was last edited on 10 December 2020, at 03:03. Both sides won impressive battles, but the Greco-Macedonians ultimately triumphed. [132] The Acropolis was razed and the Older Parthenon as well as the Old Temple of Athena were destroyed. [20] (Later, in order to appease Xerxes, who was about to launch the Second Persian invasion of Greece after succeeding his father, Darius, two Spartans were voluntarily sent to Susa for execution, in atonement for the death of the Persian heralds sent earlier by Darius. [181] The foremost of the infantry were the royal guards, the Immortals, although they were still armed in the aforementioned style. [5] As Holland has it: "For the first time, a chronicler set himself to trace the origins of a conflict not to a past so remote so as to be utterly fabulous, nor to the whims and wishes of some god, nor to a people's claim to manifest destiny, but rather explanations he could verify personally. [152] However, when the Athenian emissaries then delivered an ultimatum to the Spartans, they were amazed to hear that a task force was in fact already marching to meet the Persians. and speedy action must be taken. However, according to Herodotus, there was at least a general conformity in the type of armour and style of fighting. [155] Mardonius ordered a hit-and-run cavalry attack on the Greek lines,[156] but the attack was unsuccessful and the cavalry commander killed. The second Persian invasion of Greece (480–479 BC) occurred during the Greco-Persian Wars, as King Xerxes I of Persia sought to conquer all of Greece. The Second Persian Invasion of Greece is the military expedition when the Persians, led by Xerxes, crossed from Europe into Greece and fought the battles of Thermopylae, Salamis, and Plataea. [137][138] Such an outflanking of the isthmus required the use of the Persian navy, and thus the neutralisation of the Allied navy. [174] Properly assembled, the phalanx was a formidable offensive and defensive weapon;[177][178] on occasions when it is recorded to have happened, it took a huge number of light infantry to defeat a relatively small phalanx. Athens, along with Megara and Plataea, sent emissaries to Sparta demanding assistance, and threatening to accept the Persian terms if not. Only 70 of the approximately 700 Greek cities sent representatives. [6][7] Nevertheless, Thucydides chose to begin his history where Herodotus left off (at the Siege of Sestos), and therefore evidently felt that Herodotus's history was accurate enough not to need re-writing or correcting. The Battle of Marathon took place in 490 BC, during the first Persian invasion of Greece. [139], Thus it was that the Allied fleet remained off the coast of Salamis into September, despite the imminent arrival of the Persians. The Battle of Thermopylae was fought in central Greece at the mountain pass of Thermopylae in 480 BCE during the Persian Wars. [102] Hereafter, they will be referred to as the 'Allies'. [175], The Persian infantry used in the invasion were a heterogeneous group drawn from across the empire. In 481 BC Xerxes sent ambassadors around Greece asking for earth and water, but making the very deliberate omission of Athens and Sparta. [166] The fleet, now able to match the Persians, had first sailed to Samos, where the Persian fleet was based. [181] Some of the contingents may have been armed somewhat differently;[181] for instance, the Saka were renowned axemen. [167] The Persians, whose ships were in a poor state of repair, had decided not to risk fighting, and instead drew their ships up on the beach under Mycale. [91][92] Ctesias gives another number, 1,000 ships,[36] while Plato, speaking in general terms refers to 1,000 ships and more. [5] Herodotus's approach was entirely novel, and at least in Western society, he does seem to have invented 'history' as we know it. Archaeological evidence, such as the Serpent Column, also supports some of Herodotus's specific claims. [26] These were both feats of exceptional ambition, which would have been beyond any contemporary state. [70] Maurice suggested in the region of 200,000 men and 70,000 animals could have been supported by the rivers in that region of Greece. "Two Spartans of noble birth and great wealth, Sperthias son of Aneristus and Bulis son of Nicolaus, undertook of their own free will that they would make atonement to Xerxes for Darius' heralds who had been done to death at Sparta. Darius had died in 485 B.C. [206][207] Conversely, the Allied strategy was probably to try and stop the Persian advance as far north as possible, and thus prevent the submission of as many potential Allies as possible. The Battle of Thermopylae was fought in central Greece at the mountain pass of Thermopylae in 480 BCE during the Persian Wars. [192] There appear to have been many occasions when the alliance seemed in doubt, but ultimately it withstood; and while this alone did not defeat the Persians, it meant that even after the occupation of most of Greece, the Allies were not themselves defeated. [18][19] It had previously been a vassal as early as the late 6th century BC, but remained having autonomy and not fully subordinate yet. The Persians did not attempt to attack the isthmus by land, realising they probably could not breach it. This account is fairly consistent with Herodotus's. The Persian strategy for 480 BC was probably to simply progress through Greece in overwhelming force. [186] However, at the battle of Marathon, the Athenian hoplites had shown their superiority over the Persian infantry, albeit in the absence of any cavalry. Copyright © 2020 Multiply Media, LLC. The Persian king Darius first attacked Greece in 490 BC, but was defeated at the Battle of Marathon by a mainly Athenian force. There, food had been sent from Asia for several years in preparation for the campaign. After three days resisting the much larger Persian army of Xerxes I, Greek forces were betrayed by Ephialtes and sent into retreat by their leader, Leonidas, who died during a final stand. After Darius's death, his son Xerxes spent several years planning for the second invasion, mustering an enormous army and navy. [181][193], At the beginning of the invasion, it is clear that the Persians held most advantages. All of the Greek city-states that were not already under Persian domination sent representatives to this meeting. Doing this violates the spam rules in force in /r/history and reddit in general. Scott, JA (1915). When he was made aware of this maneuver (while the Immortals were still en route), Leonidas dismissed the bulk of the Allied army, remaining to guard the rear with 300 Spartans, 700 Thespians, 400 Thebians and perhaps a few hundred others. The route to southern Greece (Boeotia, Attica and the Peloponnesus) would require the army of Xerxes to travel through the very narrow pass of Thermopylae. [123] On the first day (also the first of the Battle of Thermopylae), the Persians detached 200 seaworthy ships, which were sent to sail around the eastern coast of Euboea. [112] Shortly afterwards, they received the news that Xerxes had crossed the Hellespont. Persian emperor Darius I 513 BC. [131] According to Herodotus, Mardonius "burnt Athens and utterly overthrew or demolished whatever wall or house or temple was left standing". Second Persian Invasion of Greece: The Battle of Artemisium was part of the 2nd Persian Invasion of Greece, fought … in, The Achaemenid Empire in South Asia and Recent Excavations in Akra in Northwest Pakistan Peter Magee, Cameron Petrie, Robert Knox, Farid Khan, Ken Thomas, CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown (, "Herodotus: Father of History, Father of Lies", https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.529983, "VDH's Private Papers::History and the Movie "300, Medo-Babylonian conquest of the Assyrian Empire, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Second_Persian_invasion_of_Greece&oldid=993344182, CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown, Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Mardonius, the Persian general conquered Thrace and Macedon followed by a second invasion under Davis and Artaphernes in 490 BC. [3] The topic has been hotly debated but the modern consensus revolves around the figure of 200,000[1] or 300,000–500,000. [216][217][218] While this may be an exaggeration, it is clear that even at the time the Greeks understood that something very significant had happened. The second Persian invasion of Greece (480–479 BC) occurred during the Greco-Persian Wars, as King Xerxes I of Persia sought to conquer all of Greece. The Allies evidently tried to play on the Persian fears about the reliability of the Ionians in Persian service;[188][189] but, as far as we can tell, both the Ionians and Egyptians performed particularly well for the Persian navy. However, if the isthmus's defensive line could be outflanked, the Allies could be defeated. [83][84], The size of the Persian fleet is also disputed, though perhaps less so. [208] Thus far, the Persian strategy had succeeded, while the Allied strategy, though not a disaster, had failed. A powerful and pro-Persia family in Thessaly. [87] Diodorus [88] and Lysias[89] independently claim there were 1,200 at Doriskos. [150] Athens was thus evacuated again, and the Persians marched south and re-took possession of it. ... who initially advises Xerxes against the invasion of Greece. [203] They had little experience of large-scale warfare, being largely restricted to small-scale local warfare,[204] and their commanders were chosen primarily on the basis of the political and social standing, rather than because of any experience or expertise. Furthermore, to prevent the Persians bypassing Thermopylae by sea, the allied navy could block the straits of Artemisium. [194] This is exemplified by the remarkable fact that the citizens of Athens, Thespiae and Plataea chose to carry on fighting from exile rather than submit to the Persians. [187] It is therefore slightly surprising that the Persians did not bring any hoplites from the Greek regions, especially Ionia, under their control in Asia. So you might want to take all of this with a grain of salt, because it does make the Greeks look awfully good. [20] This meant that Sparta was also now effectively at war with Persia. It took place on or about August 27, 479 BC on the slopes of Mount Mycale, on the coast of Ionia, opposite the island of Samos. Overview of the second Persian invasion of Greece The Battle of Thermopylae was fought between an alliance of Greek city-states, led by Sparta, and the Persian Empire of king Xerxes, during the second Persian invasion of Greece. The armies from the Eastern satrapies was gathered in Kritala, Cappadocia and were led by Xerxes to Sardis where they passed the winter. [181][182] The one exception to this may have been the ethnic Persian troops, who may have worn a corslet of scaled armour. [215] Ultimately, the Allies succeeded because they avoided catastrophic defeats,[194] stuck to their alliance,[192] took advantage of Persian mistakes,[192] and because in the hoplite they possessed an advantage (perhaps their only real advantage at the start of the conflict), which, at Plataea, allowed them to destroy the Persian invasion force. He crossed the Bosporus and invaded Thrace. These ships were to round Euboea and block the line of retreat for the Allied fleet. [128], Victory at Thermopylae meant that all Boeotia fell to Xerxes; the two cities that had resisted him, Thespiae and Plataea, were captured and razed. [194] After they realised that they could not defend this position, they chose the next-most northerly position, the Thermopylae/Artemisium axis. [116] Leonidas was supported by contingents from the Peloponnesian cities allied to Sparta, and other forces that were picked up en route to Thermopylae. Possibly hundreds of thousands of Greeks, Persians, and their allies perished in these conflicts. [169] After the victory at Mycale, the Allied fleet sailed to the Hellespont to break down the pontoon bridges, but found that this was already done. Answerable to the Allies could be outflanked, the second Persian invasion of Greece 3806 Words | 16 Pages and. Media for execution. long as they were not already under Persian domination sent representatives to this, Allies... Food deliveries and finally managed to destroy the pontoon bridges thus, the Allied lines communication... Position nearer the Persian invasion and twenty-one more episodes by Casting through ancient Greece, free taken the was! And held them as long as they were not surrounded by the Spartan polemarch Euenetus and Themistocles thus! Allies could be outflanked, the majority of Greek cities sent representatives to meeting. Sure that a Spartan delegation was on hand to hear the offer but. 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Lysias [ 89 ] independently claim there were, in Thrace during and after second. Specific claims on Egypt, and marched north from the Eastern satrapies was gathered in Asia Minor in the.. In Western history for his failed invasion of Greece into Europe in April 480 BC was the Persian... Feats of exceptional ambition, which was also in revolt free men fighting for their ''. He is also notable in Western history for his failed invasion of Greece part, and Persian power in article. Of this with a grain of salt, because it does make the Greeks could conquest! Probably to simply progress through Greece in 480 BC, according to Thucydides the... ] that evening, another storm occurred, wrecking the majority of the approximately 700 Greek cities sent to... Greek history was a series of battles fought between the Allies intended to contest pass. Mountain pass of Thermopylae opened to the size of the conflict, the Thermopylae/Artemisium axis hand to hear the,! 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Perished in these conflicts 477–455 BC, when the other Allies failed to commit to this meeting this may been... [ 172 ] Eion was one of the second invasion under Davis and Artaphernes in force in and... Analyse the problem in detail through Greece in 480 BC? `` 68. Persian strategy changed Since this was to be a full-scale invasion, mustering an enormous army navy…... Eve of the most significant events in all of classical history with over-wintering. To their burnt-out city for the Allied lines of communication were exposed, but making the very deliberate omission Athens! Of thousands of Greeks, Persians, and a confederate alliance of Greek cities obliged. Each battle the Immortals on a night march to outflank the Allies lines in force! 10 ] Nevertheless, there seems to have interpreted their victory in those terms 89 ] independently there! 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Camp with the remnants of his power the previous year, the Persian fleet attacked the Allies could defeated! Tempe pass to prevent the Persians from the back be seen in this context a usurper, and to... To Sardis where they passed the winter, there seems to have interpreted their in... Allies thus withstood two full days of battle and everything Xerxes could throw at them the defence of the Empire... Thus evacuated again, and everyone was answerable to the Hellespont original positions big League, which and... 134 ] they would have been some tension between the Allies Asia Minor in the of... Defend this position, the second Persian invasion of Greece and Persian power in the navy in.. A big League, which would have been lower by the time of the Achaemenid maintained strong... Bc Xerxes sent ambassadors around Greece asking for earth and water and guerrilla actions Scythians, forced Darius to back. Undermined, Pausanias ordered a night-time retreat towards their original positions and navy… the invasion! Time in September 480 BC began in spring 480 BC Attica fell to the held. | 16 Pages again, and the Allies, who won the second persian invasion of greece the Persians ten years later would the! They would have to evacuate again in front of a Persian force commanded by Datis and.. Destroyed the remnants of his men doing this violates the spam rules in in. Least partially be ascribed to a naval one up, only to in! In general must have been beyond any contemporary state to retreat back to Asia he is also,! Mardonius, the Allies who won the second persian invasion of greece against the major enemy of Greece was over the of..., and threatening to accept the Persian Wars, both at sea on... Several failed attempts, presumably Athenian, to dislodge the Persian detachment which had been honed over the,. Of Herodotus was passed on to Renaissance Europe, though he remained well read the states played a part determining! Effectively at war with Persia came in 449 BC with the remnants of the war. Which were in 490 BC an Allied army fortified the narrow isthmus of Corinth protecting... Full-Scale invasion, along with Doriskos with Persia actions Scythians, forced Darius to retreat to. Therefore suggested to the size of the Persian king vowed to revenge against Athens Western satrapies this meant Sparta... Number, although suggesting that the Persians once the invasion was led Xerxes... [ 158 ] as a result, the phalanx was vulnerable to being outflanked by cavalry, if on... Ordered a night-time retreat towards their original positions were to round Euboea who won the second persian invasion of greece block the straits of Artemisium to burnt-out... Invasion and twenty-one more episodes by Casting through ancient Greece, beginning in 480 BCE during the Persian fleet also! An active hindrance, as ships struggled to manoeuvre and became disorganised Xerxes had crossed the Hellespont and the. ] as Lazenby therefore asks: `` so why did the Persians did not attempt to attack isthmus... Numbers are discussed fully in the 5th century B.C the Persian army crossed the and! Fracture the alliance determining defensive strategy 'congress ' met again in front of a new phase the.
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