Retting in a tank was appreciably hastened by using the same water for successive batches of jute. This fibre retting method claimed to be more suitable for fibre reinforcement applications . Under laboratory conditions the shortest period of retting, three days, was achieved with Bacillus polymyxa at a temperature of 40°. Reinforcing Potential of Enzymatically Modified Natural Fibers. This employs stagnant or slow-moving waters, such as ponds, bogs, and slow streams and rivers. Ditches, tanks and pools are also used for retting. Only one new species, Micrococcus corchorus, and one new variety, Micrococcus leteus var. Therefore, their water retting process is the same. Tank retting, by contrast, employs vats usually made of concrete, requires about four to six days, and is feasible in any season. For conventional retting, jute ribbons as well as stems were immersed in water at a jutediquor ratio of 1:20, temperature was approximately 30. In India  which state has first position both in area and production, Planting time of white jute _________in low and mid lands, Planting time of yellow to red jute _________in mid and uplands, JRC-321 (Sonali), JRC-212 (Sabuj sona), JRC7447 (Shyamli) are the variety of, Optimum temperature required for retting is about, National Institute for Research on Jute and Allied Fiber Technology is situated at, It is a microbial process in which aerobic and anaerobic bacteria and fungi loosen the fiber by decomposing & dissolving the pectin, hemi- cellulose and other cementing agents, Small pod stage /initiation of pod formation. Number of times cited according to CrossRef: Genome Comparison Identifies Different Bacillus Species in a Bast Fibre-Retting Bacterial Consortium and Provides Insights into Pectin Degrading Genes. If you do not receive an email within 10 minutes, your email address may not be registered, The retting behavior was as follows. Retting process is used for obtaining fibres from stems of flax, hemp, jute etc. 28: Slow moving clear water best for. vii. After retting, the bark is peeled off from the plant and the fibre is removed. Chemical retting was done by boiling stalks in 7% sodium hydroxide for I hour, after which they were washed, neutralized in 0.2% acetic acid. No changewasseen on the stem one dayafter inoculation. Natural water retting employs stagnant or slow-moving waters, such as ponds, bogs, and slow streams and rivers. The stalk bundles are weighted down, usually with stones or wood, for about 8 to 14 days, depending upon water temperature and mineral content. The end point of retting is determined by inspecting few stems, each day from tenth day … After 10 days of bacterial retting, the stalks were washed in hot water, air dried, combed, and subjected to tests for fiber characteristics. Please check your email for instructions on resetting your password. plant retting of jute and mesta has certain demerits. Review of Some Factors Influencing Jute Fiber Quality. Summary: A total of 1,438 colonies of aerobic and anaerobic bacteria has been isolated from samples of retted jute stems collected from 12 districts of East Pakistan. (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); Jute Crop All Important One Liner Questions, Your email address will not be published. Three strains ofBacillus macerans, four strains ofB. Among the storage temperatures, jute leaves sealed in polyethylene bags can be stored longer at 8 °C. liquefaciens, are reported; these will be described elsewhere. 30: Rib boning process is related to: Jute: 31: Beat- Break-jerk method used for: Fiber extraction: 32: National Institute for Research on Jute and Allied Fiber Technology is situated at : Kolkata Jute – ICARE a programme initiated by NJB in association with CRIJAF & JCI with an aims at mechanization in jute farming in a farmer-friendly way and accelerated retting using microbial consortium for improved income for jute farmers. INSTITUTE OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES “RETTING IN JUTE AND SUNNHEMP” Rural Agricultural Work Experience AGR-411(0+4) Presented by:-Kumar Harsh 2. In retting process, a large amount of water is used. After bundles of jute are kept in retting water and placed side by side with 2/3 layers in such way that there remains ample space for the easy movement of water and microbes. Both retting ponds have similar geographic locations, depths, and general weather patterns and are located north of Kolkata in West Bengal, India. New questions in Environmental Sciences +27710971100 SSD CHEMICAL FOR CLEAN BLACK MONEY IN GAUTENG, LIMPOPO, MPUMALANGA, NORTH WEST, SSD Chemical Solution used to clean all type of black mo … ney, tainted and defaced … Jute retting process is one of the important responsible factors for quality of jute fiber. Bidirectional Jute fiber mats of thickness 0.4 mm are purchased from Chandra Prakash & Co. Jaipur, India. Retting time must be carefully judged;… 3500 to 4000) will be eliminated in this method. Bundles of jute stems are kept in water for about 2 to 3 weeks for retting. Working off-campus? High temperature of water quickens the process of retting. Based on the evaluations conducted on the quality, nutritional and chemical components of this leafy vegetable, the maximum storage life of jute at this temperature was 8 days. quality, quantity, nature and temperature of water during retting, presence of micro-organisms etc. In this procedure, the harvested plant stalks are spread evenly in grassy fields, where the combined action of bacteria, sun, air, and dew produces fermentation, dissolving much of the stem material surrounding the fibre bundles. Learn about our remote access options, Department of Botany, University of Dacca, Pakistan. Another type of water retting. A detailed description of the process of jute retting is given. Good retting: 29: Optimum temperature required for retting is about: 34 °C.                Required fields are marked *, How many types of cultivated species of jute, Leaf is bitter in taste of white jute is  due to. Further observations on the bacteriology of jute retting, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2672.1963.tb04761.x. Citing Literature. Agriculture Field Officer(IBPS-AFO). introduced radiofrequency treatment to improve retting efficiency in a variety of water-retting temperatures and durations. Nachweismethoden und Verbreitung von Pektinolyse bei Bacillus‐Arten. Of these, 169 isolates have been purified and characterized. The optimum temperature is around 34° C, ditches, tanks, beels­haor or in vast water are also used for retting. • The fibre is black in colour with poor lusture. The finest fibre was obtained after 96 hours of osmotic retting with 40°C working temperature. • The strength of fibre is very poor. 1 at 110 days of growth was dry and free of mildew. Whole sterns were retted for 14 days and ribbons for 9 days. Dew retting, which is common in areas having limited water resources, is most effective in climates with heavy nighttime dews and warm daytime temperatures. Onthe 2nd day, slight bubbling occurred in the water of the tube. They have been found to comprise 3 genera, Bacillus, Micrococcus, and Pseudomonas and 13 species. Among the aerobes and facultative anaerobes, B. subtilis has been found to be the most common and B. macerans, B. polymyxa, Micrococcus corchorus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa the most active retting agents in East Pakistan. Jute bast was provided by the Zhangzhou Jute/Kenaf Test Station of the National Agricultural Industrial Technology System. 1. Strains within each species usually differ in their capacity to ret jute. The new gray alluvial soil of good depth, receiving salt from annual floods, is best for jute. On the 3rd day, the bubbling increased and blisters were formed on the bark of the jute stem. The stalk bundles are weighted down, usually with stones or wood, for about 8 to 14 days, depending upon water temperature and mineral content. Retting of jute grown in arsenic contaminated area and consequent arsenic pollution in surface water bodies. The water samples were Nachweismethoden und Verbreitung von Pektinolyse beiBacillus-Arten. Plain land or gentle slope … River basins or alluvial or loamy soils are best for jute cultivation. Number of times cited according to CrossRef: 13. On the contrary, Ruan et al. Journal of Industrial Microbiology & Biotechnology. • Retting duration is very long • Longer retting duration encourages over retting resulting less fibre recovery from top portion of the plants. and you may need to create a new Wiley Online Library account. One kilogram for each handful, with a total of ten handfuls, were enclosed into temperature-controllable and ventilator fermentation vessel. Within two to three … Jute requires 160–200 cm of rainfall weekly with extra needed during the sowing period. Bacterial retting was done in troughs at a temperature of 30 ± 2°C. (2008), they reported that to ret the 10,000kg of jute, almost 432m3of water is used. [1] Tank retting. Prolonged immersion involves the risk of over-retting, probably because of the action of cellulolytic bacteria. washed, air dried, and combed. Retting is the process of dissolving of plant tissues in the presence of microorganisms and moisture. Zeitschrift für allgemeine Mikrobiologie. Natural water retting = A type of water retting. Fiber characteristics … Epoxy LY556 and Hardner is Aradur HY951 are supplied by Chemicote Engineers., Bangalore, India. Online Agriculture Test Series, Previous Year Question Paper Active retting strains have been found to lose their retting activity, and it has been concluded that this loss may follow either from loss of adaptive enzymes or from mutations. They probably enter stems over the whole surface through stomata, as well as through cut ends and leaf scars, after immersion for retting. Other articles where Water retting is discussed: retting: In water retting, the most widely practiced method, bundles of stalks are submerged in water. Retting is facilitated by anaerobic butyric acid bacteria such as The optimum temperature is around 34°C. Jute requires a warm and humid climate with temperature between 24° C to 37° C. Constant rain or water-logging is harmful. Use the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Identification of Micrococcus sp. JUTE Introduction: Important natural fibre crop. cereus, one strain ofB. After this, stripping, rinsing, washing and cleaning of … polymyxa, five strains ofB. 1). Enter your email address below and we will send you your username, If the address matches an existing account you will receive an email with instructions to retrieve your username, By continuing to browse this site, you agree to its use of cookies as described in our, I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of Use. The jute bast from Corchorus capsularis Zhonghuangma No. Retting is a controlled microbial decomposition of pectin without simultaneous decomposition of fibres. Jute is an eco-friendly and bio-degradable natural product with no adverse effect on the environment. In February 1955, at a room temperature of 35 to 37 C, the bacterium was found to ret jute completely in 9 days. Introduction. A detailed description of the process of jute retting is given. Retting water samples were collected from jute-retting ponds ~100 km apart, located in Krishnanagar (23°24fN, 88°33'E) and Barrackpore (22°46'N, 88°22'E; Fig. A Review: Maceration in Relation to the Post‐harvest Handling and Processing of Plant Material.             Retting of jute is done because while retting the tight stalk of bundles, are taken to the ponds or tanks so that the fibres gets separated from the wooden part. The mieroflora involved in jute retting was investigated in three districts of East Pakistan for fifteen months. Incomplete submergence produces croppy fiber of extremely low value. Again, efficiency of any particular method of retting depends upon the effect of different environmental factors. Later these are covered with water­hyacinth, rice straws or any kind of aquatic weeds etc. Bacteria capable of retting jute are present in pond water, in the soil of jute fields, and on the surface of jute plants. • The quality of fibre will be improved at least by 2 to 3 grade. Temperatures ranging to more than 25 °C and relative humidity of 70%–90% are favorable for successful cultivation. It is a controlled microbial decomposition of pectin without simultaneous decomposition of fibres. ix. For this purpose, stems of fibre yielding plants are immersed in water for long period where decomposition sets in. Kenaf and jute can be categorized as one family known as Malvaceae (Banik et al., 1993). Over retting results in dazed weak fiber. Retting in a tank was appreciably hastened by using the same water for successive batches of jute. Scarcity of jute retting water in some areas of Bangladesh is one of the major issues. Applications of pectinases in the commercial sector: a review. Prolonged immersion involves the risk of over-retting, probably because of the action of … After the requisite period, the stems and ribbons were washed to extract the fibres. • The pond can be used for fish cum paddy culture after retting. • Transport cost of harvested jute bundles to the retting spot under conventional method (35 to 40 man days/ha, amounting Rs. Jute cultivation in red soils may require high dose of manure and pH range between 4.8 and 5.8 is best for its cultivation. Which country rank first in both area and production of jute in world. Jute Crop All Important retting, three days, was achieved with Bacillus polymyxa at a temperature of 400. Whole stem retting was incorporated in the study to broaden the base of comparison. Responsible for the Accelaration of Jute Retting. For this purpose, stems of fibre yielding plants are immersed in water for a long period where decomposition sets in. Raw material for packaging industries. viii. Retting of jute is a kind of fermentation process in which the cortical and phloem tissues of the bark of the plants containing free strands are decomposed to separate fibre from non-fibrous woody stem (Asaduzzaman and Abdullah, 1998, Bose, 1969; Ray and Mandal, 1967).The fermentative microorganisms consume the cementing materials viz., the pectins, hemicelluloses and … Investigation of the bacterial retting community of kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus) under different conditions using next-generation semiconductor sequencing. luteus were isolated and their action on jute stems studied. The water, penetrating to the central stalk portion, swells the inner cells, bursting the outermost layer, thus increasing absorption of both moisture and decay-producing bacteria. Jute: 27: Retting is completes within : 8-30 days. subtilis, three strains ofB. NABARD Norms Solar Photo Voltaic Pumping System. The retting activity reported in this paper is much more marked than that by previous workers. Gently flowing, fairly deep, clear and soft water is ideal for retting. Most of the defects in fiber are due to faulty retting. Learn more. Occurrence of pectolytic activity among species of the genusBacillus. Flow ever jute is grown widely in sandy loams and clay loams. They were air dried … retting in jute and sunnhemp 1. According to Mondal et al. New Agriculture Vacancies megatherium, one strain ofMicrococcus caseolyticus and one strain ofM. are the controlling factors of jute retting. Raw material. Under laboratory conditions the shortest period of retting, three days, was achieved withBacillus polymyxa at a temperature of 40°. E-glass fibers in woven mat form of 280 gsm are supplied by Suntech Fiber Private Limited, Bangalore. Your email address will not be published. Bags can be stored longer at 8 °C fibre will be eliminated in this Paper is much more marked that. 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The Zhangzhou Jute/Kenaf Test Station of the plants long period where decomposition in. Of harvested jute bundles to the retting spot under conventional method ( 35 to 40 days/ha! In sandy loams and clay loams thickness 0.4 mm are purchased from Chandra Prakash Co.... 24° C to 37° C. Constant rain or water-logging is harmful the tube 14. In surface water bodies Aradur HY951 are supplied by Chemicote Engineers.,,! Chandra Prakash & Co. Jaipur, India conditions the shortest period of retting, presence micro-organisms... Culture after retting, three days, was achieved with Bacillus polymyxa at a temperature of retting! Natural water retting employs stagnant or slow-moving waters, such as ponds,,... Completes within: 8-30 days the action of cellulolytic bacteria stem retting was in!